0452/23/O/N/25 Mark Scheme – Accounting Oct/Nov 2025 Paper 23

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Cambridge Accounting (0452) mark scheme for paper 23, Oct/Nov 2025 — 0452/23/O/N/25, file 0452_w25_ms_23.pdf.

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Cambridge IGCSE™
ACCOUNTING

0452/23

Paper 2 Structured

October/November 2025

MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 100

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report f or
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes f or the October/November 2025 series f or most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This document consists of 17 printed pages.
© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025

[Turn over

0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles

October/November 2025

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alon gside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptions for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
•
•
•

the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:
Marks must be awarded positively:
•
•
•
•
•

marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond
the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
marks are not deducted for errors
marks are not deducted for omissions
answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assess ed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

October/November 2025

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the fu ll mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thre sholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED
Social Science-Specific Marking Principles
(for point-based marking)

October/November 2025

Components using point-based marking:
• Point marking is often used to reward knowledge, understanding and application of skills. We give credit where the candidate’ s answer
shows relevant knowledge, understanding and application of skills in answering the question. We do not give credit where t he answer
shows confusion.
From this it follows that we:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g

DO credit answers which are worded differently from the mark scheme if they clearly convey the same meaning (unless the mark
scheme requires a specific term)
DO credit alternative answers/examples which are not written in the mark scheme if they are correct
DO credit answers where candidates give more than one correct answer in one prompt/numbered/scaffolded space where extended
writing is required rather than list-type answers. For example, questions that require n reasons (e.g. State two reasons …).
DO NOT credit answers simply for using a ‘key term’ unless that is all that is required. (Check for evidence it is understood and not used
wrongly.)
DO NOT credit answers which are obviously self -contradicting or trying to cover all possibilities
DO NOT give further credit for what is effectively repetition of a correct point already credited unless the language itself is being tested.
This applies equally to ‘mirror statements’ (i.e. polluted/not polluted).
DO NOT require spellings to be correct, unless this is part of the test. However spellings of syllabus terms must allow for c lear and
unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms with which they may be confused (e.g. Corrasion/Corrosion)

Presentation of mark scheme:
• Slashes (/) or the word ‘or’ separate alternative ways of making the same point.
• Semi colons (;) bullet points (•) or figures in brackets (1) separate different points.
• Content in the answer column in brackets is for examiner information/context to clarify the marking but is not required to earn the mark
(except Accounting syllabuses where they indicate negative numbers).

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0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

October/November 2025

Calculation questions:
• The mark scheme will show the steps in the most likely correct method(s), the mark for each step, the correct answer(s) and t he mark
for each answer
• If working/explanation is considered essential for full credit, this will be indicated in the question paper and in the mark scheme. In all
other instances, the correct answer to a calculation should be given full credit, even if no supporting working is s hown.
• Where the candidate uses a valid method which is not covered by the mark scheme, award equivalent marks for reaching equivale nt
stages.
• Where an answer makes use of a candidate’s own incorrect figure from previous working, the ‘own figure rule’ applies: full marks will be
given if a correct and complete method is used. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary an d any
exceptions to this general principle will be noted.

Annotation:
• For point marking, ticks can be used to indicate correct answers and crosses can be used to indicate wrong answers. There is no direct
relationship between ticks and marks. Ticks have no defined meaning for levels of response marking.
• For levels of response marking, the level awarded should be annotated on the script.
• Other annotations will be used by examiners as agreed during standardisation, and the meaning will be understood by all exami ners
who marked that paper.

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0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

October/November 2025

Annotations guidance for centres
Examiners use a system of annotations as a shorthand for communicating their marking decisions to one another. Examiners are trained during the
standardisation process on how and when to use annotations. The purpose of annotations is to inform the standard isation and monitoring
processes and guide the supervising examiners when they are checking the work of examiners within their team. The meaning of annotations and
how they are used is specific to each component and is understood by all examiners who mark the component.
We publish annotations in our mark schemes to help centres understand the annotations they may see on copies of scripts. Note that there may
not be a direct correlation between the number of annotations on a script and the mark awarded. Similarly, the use of an annotation may not be an
indication of the quality of the response.
The annotations listed below were available to examiners marking this component in this series.
Annotations
Annotation

Meaning
Indicates a point which is relevant and rewardable
Indicates a point which is inaccurate/irrelevant and not rewardable
Used when the benefit of the doubt is given in order to reward a response
An extraneous figure or item in the statement
Own figure

Indicates that content has been recognised but not rewarded
Indicates where content has been repeated.

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0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

Question
1(a)

October/November 2025

Answer
Date

Details

2025
Apr 1 Balance

Total
Date
received
$
2025
350.00

350 00
2025
May1 Balance b/d (1)OF
Bank
(1)OF

Apl 3
4
9
11
12
14
27
30

Details

Marks
Total
paid
$

Fuel
Tea, coffee, juice
Taxi fare
AB Autoparts
Printer paper
Window cleaning
Train ticket
Office cleaning

(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)

36.00
34.00
24.00
78.00
8.00
30.00
8.50
45.00
263.50
86.50
350 00

Balance c/d

Cleaning

Fuel

Office
expense
$

Travel
expense
$

Ledger
accounts
$

36.00
34.00
24.00
78.00
8.00

30.00

8.50
45.00
75.00

36.00

42.00

32.50

78.00

86.50
263.50

(1) Dates
(1) OF Totalling analysis columns and total paid column
1(b)

Imprest (1)

1(c)

Max 1
Reduces the number of entries in the cash book/reduces the number of entries in the general ledger (1)
Reduces the possibility of theft/fraud (1)
Provides training for junior employees (1)
Reduces the workload of the chief cashier (1)
Accept other valid responses

Page 7 of 17

0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

Question
1(d)

October/November 2025

Answer

Marks

Max 2
Overpayment/underpayment by petty cashier (1)
Missing petty cash voucher/petty cash voucher not recorded (1)
Error in recording entry in petty cash book (1)
Fraud/theft (1)
Accept other valid responses

1(e)

Sid
Journal
Details

Debit
$

Drawings
Bank

Credit
$

1 500

Purchases
AB Autoparts

1 500

(1)
(1)

664

(1)
(1)

664

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0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

Question

Answer

2(a)

Jenny
Sales ledger control account
Date
2025
Feb 1
28

Details
Balance b/d
Sales
Interest charged
Balance c/d

$
(1)
(1)

1 895
42 600
510
750

October/November 2025
Marks

Date
Details
2025
Feb 28 Sales returns
Bank
Discount allowed
Irrecoverable debts
Contra entries

9
$
(1)
(1)OF
(1)
(1)
(1)

7 300
33 300
1 265
1 040
2 850
45 755

(1)

750

45 755
2025
Mar 1 Balance
(1) Dates
2(b)

2(c)

Max 1
Book-keeping can be divided between several members of staff (1)
Detail is removed from the general ledger/removes detail from sales account (1)
Useful for the preparation of control accounts (1)
Provides total of credit sales (1)
Useful for collating and summarising information about credit sales (1)
Accept other valid responses
Book of prime entry
Sales journal
Purchase returns journal

Source document

Issued or received

Invoice

Issued

(1) Row

Credit note

Received

(1) Row

2(d)(i)

An allowance given when an account is settled within a specified time period (1)

2(d)(ii)

A reduction in the list price of goods/allowance to encourage bulk buying (1)

Debit note (1)

2(e)

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0452/23
Question
2(f)

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

October/November 2025

Answer
Arguments for creating a provision for doubtful debts
Max 2
Profit for the year is not overstated/expenses for the year are not understated (1)
Trade receivables shown at a more realistic amount/trade receivables not overstated/current assets not overstated (1)
Applies the principle of matching/accruals (1)
Applies the principle of prudence (1)
Arguments against creating a provision for doubtful debts
Max 2
Provision is only an estimate/may not be accurate/does not ensure that the customer will pay (1)
May be difficult to estimate the amount of doubtful debts (1)
Has to be re-calculated each year/ time consuming (1)
Profit for the year will be reduced/expenses for the year will be increased/larger impact on profit in the first year (1)
Accept other valid responses
Recommendation (1)

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Marks
5

0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

Question
3(a)

Answer

Marks
8

Return on Capital employed (ROCE)
36 000 + 2450
38 450 (1)
=
 100
223100 + 49 000 272100 (1)

October/November 2025

14.13% (1)OF

Rate of inventory turnover

30 000 + 310 000 − 34 000 306 000 } 1
=
(34 000 + 30 000/)2
32000 }

9.56 times (1)OF

Trade receivables turnover (days)
44 000
 365
387 000

42 days (1)

Trade payables turnover (days)
31000
 365
310 000

37 days (1)

Current ratio
92 900
40 800

3(b)(i)

2.28:1 (1)

Max 2
Increase profit for the year/reduce expenses (1)
Reduce capital/increase drawings/withdraw capital (1)
Repay long-term loan/reduce long term liabilities (1)
Accept other valid responses

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0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

Question

Answer

October/November 2025
Marks

3(b)(ii)

Max 2
Increase quantity sold/ increase demand/start marketing campaign/make special offers (1)
Reduce selling prices/increase trade discount allowed to customers (1)
More efficient stock control/purchase less inventory/‘just in time’ purchasing (1)
Accept other valid responses

3(c)(i)

Inventory should be valued at the lower of cost or net realisable value (1)

3(c)(ii)

Prudence (1)

3(c)(iii)

Effect on Rushil’s gross profit
Increase

Decrease
✓ (1)

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0452/23
Question
3(d)

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED
Answer

Arguments for offering a cash discount
Max 3
May improve cash flow/money available to use within the business/encourage customers to pay quicker (1)
May improve relationship with customer/improve customer loyalty (1)
May improve sales/attract more customers (1)
May reduce irrecoverable debts (1)
Arguments against offering a cash discount
Max 3
Increase expenses/reduce profit for year/reduce profit margin (1)
Less cash received on each sale (1)
No guarantee customers will pay in the time specified (1)
Does not necessarily reduce irrecoverable debts (1)
May be time consuming to monitor (1)
Book-keeping more time-consuming (1)
Customer deduction of 2.5% discount, but they may not pay within the required timescale (1)
Accept other valid responses
Recommendation (1)

Page 13 of 17

October/November 2025
Marks
5

0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

October/November 2025

Question

Answer

Marks

4(a)

Talula
Income statement for the year ended 30 September 2025
$

$
124 700
7 680
132 380

Income from hairdressing
Rent receivable (6400 + 1280)
Less Salaries
Electricity charges
Water charges
General expenses
Insurance (2 067/13  12)
Property tax (3 045//15  12)
Profit for the year
4(b)

81 500
23 500
4 150
952
1 908
2 436

Suggested course of action

}
}
} (1)
}
(1)
(1)

114 446
17 934

Impact on the business

Increase service prices

Reduce number of customers

Change electricity supplier (1)

May be time consuming (1) OR
May not be able to get a cheaper supplier (1)

Increase rent charged to Sheila (1)

Sheila may move out/lose income (1) OR
Dissatisfied tenant (1)

Reduce opening hours/hours worked by hairdressers
(1)

Cannot maintain current level of income (1) OR
Damage relationship with employees/customers (1)

Reduce employee rates of pay/reduce staff numbers (1) Employees not happy/may leave (1) OR
Quality of service reduced if fewer staff (1)
Or other relevant courses of action and impact
Identify 2 courses of action (1) for identifying course of action

Page 14 of 17

(1) for impact on the business

(1)

(1)OF
4

0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

Question
4(c)

October/November 2025

Answer
Arguments for accepting card payments
Max 2
Meet customer needs/more convenient for customers/more options for payment/improve customer relationship (1)
Increased sales/increased customers (1)
Lower amount of cash held on premises/reduced risk of theft (1)
Reduced administration costs/saves time in counting cash (1)
Hairdressers may save time (1)

Marks
5

Arguments against accepting card payments
Max 2
Reduction in profit because of rental fee and transaction charge (1)
Must consider cost of purchasing cash register (1)
Staff may need training (1)
Customer numbers may not increase (1)
Accept other valid responses
Recommendation (1)
4(d)

Max 3
Additional finance available (1)
Additional skills and knowledge included in the business (1)
Sharing of responsibilities (1)
Risks are shared (1)
Losses are shared (1)
Accept other valid responses

4(e)

Max 3
Amount of capital invested by each partner (1)
If interest on capital is to be paid and at what rate (1)
If partners salaries are to be paid and at what amount (1)
If an upper limit placed on partners drawings (1)
If interest on drawings is to be charged and at what rate (1)
Rate at which interest on partners’ loans will be paid (1)
Responsibilities of each partner (1)
Accept other valid responses

Page 15 of 17

0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

Question

October/November 2025

Answer

Marks

5(a)(i)

Money spent on purchasing, improving or extending non-current assets

5(a)(ii)

Money spent on day to day running a business (1)

5(a)(iii)

Money received from a source other than normal trading activities (1)

5(a)(iv)

Money received by a business from normal trading activities (1)

5(b)
Item

capital
expenditure

Delivery charges for new office equipment

✓ (1)

Repairs to the roof of an existing building
Painting of a new extension to the factory

revenue
expenditure

✓ (1)
✓ (1)
3

P Limited
Statement of Changes in equity (retained earnings)
for the year ended 30 June 2025
$
Balance at 1 July 2024
46 220 }
Profit for the year
37 350 }(1)
Dividend paid (interim)
(36 400)
Transfer to general reserve
(8 000) (1)
Balance at 30 June 2025
39 170 (1)OF

revenue
receipt

✓ (1)

Proceeds from the sale of a motor vehicle
5(c)

capital
receipt

Page 16 of 17

0452/23

Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

Question

October/November 2025

Answer

Marks

5(d)

9
P Limited
Statement of Financial Position at 30 June 2025
$
Cost

Non-current assets
Land and buildings
Equipment
Vehicles
Current assets
Inventory
Trade receivables
Less Provision for doubtful debts
Cash

59 600
83 000
347 600

$
Provision f or
depreciation

205 000
11 324
23 030
34 354

$
Net Book
Value

205 000
48 276 }
59 970 } (1)
313 246 (1)OF

33 000
57 040
2 282

54 758
2 100

Total assets

(1)
89 858 (1)OF
403 104

Equity
Ordinary share capital
General reserve (16 300 + 8000)
Retained earnings

230 000 (1)
24 300 (1)
39 170 (1)OF
293 470

Non-current liabilities
6% Debentures
Bank loan

32 000
22 000

54 000 (1)

Current liabilities
Trade payables
Other payables
Bank overdraft

44 890
5 700
5 044

55 634 (1)OF

403 104
Page 17 of 17

Accounting (0452) · Oct/Nov 2025 · Mark scheme 23

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