0452/M/J/14 Examiner Report – Accounting May/June 2014

Cambridge Accounting (0452) examiner report, May/June 2014 — 0452/M/J/14, file 0452_s14_er.pdf.

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Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
0452 Accounting June 2014 www.dynamicpapers.com
Principal Examiner Report for Teachers

ACCOUNTING
Paper 0452/11
Paper 11

Key Messages
Question 1 consisted of ten multiple choice items covering topics across the whole syllabus.
In Question 2 candidates were given some short answer questions, requiring knowledge of the division of
the ledger, books of prime entry and preparation of ledger accounts.
In Question 3 candidates were required to prepare ledger accounts for bad debts, bad debts recovered, and
provision for doubtful debts and to answer related theory questions. This was followed by short answer
questions on financial statements of a limited company which was manufacturing business.
The main topic in Question 4 was the accounts of non-trading organisations.
Question 5 required candidates to update a trader’s cash book and to prepare a bank reconciliation
statement. Short theory questions were also included.
In Question 6 candidates were required to prepare a partnership appropriation account and the current
account of one of the partners. The question also included the calculation of capital employed, return on
capital employed and correct profit for the year.
General Comments
All the questions on this examination paper were compulsory and covered various topics on the syllabus.
Candidates are reminded that a question can be set on any section of the syllabus, and a good knowledge of
all sections of the syllabus is necessary to achieve a good grade in the examination. Many candidates
submitted very good scripts, demonstrating their thorough knowledge of the subject and their ability to apply
this knowledge to the various questions.
Most candidates provided supporting calculations where appropriate. This ensured that they were able to
earn a least some of the available marks, even though the final answer was incorrect.
It is important that accounting statements and accounts are presented using acceptable formats. Candidates
are reminded that they should not make inappropriate use of abbreviations. Abbreviations such as “bbd” for
“balance brought down”,” IC” for “interest on capital” and “GP” for “gross profit” are not acceptable.
Candidates are reminded that they are expected to use International Accounting Terminology.
terminology such as “stock” instead of “inventory” and “revenue” instead of “sales” should not be used.

Old

It is important to read through a question carefully before attempting an answer. Marks cannot be awarded if
a candidate provides a factually correct statement which is not the answer to the question being asked.
The spaces provided on the question paper for candidates’ answers should be adequate. Sometimes it may
be necessary for a candidate to cross out part or all of the answer and provide another answer elsewhere. It
is important that the candidate indicates to Examiners that this has been done. A note “continued on page
…” or “please see page….” would ensure that this additional work is not overlooked.

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0452 Accounting June 2014 www.dynamicpapers.com
Principal Examiner Report for Teachers
Comments on Specific Questions
Question 1
Candidates performance varied in this question.
Items (a), (e), (f), (g) and (i) were especially well-answered.
In item (d) it was expected that candidates would understand that a compensating error occurs when two or
more errors cancel each other out (Option C).
Item (h) required candidates to calculate the wages for the year. The correct answer was $4200 (Option C).
This represented the amount paid during the year less the opening accrual and plus the closing accrual.
In Item (j) candidates were required to select a correct statement about financial statements. The key was B.
There appeared to be a degree of guesswork on this item.
Question 2
(a)

A thorough knowledge of book-keeping would have ensured that candidates understood that the
sales and purchases accounts are maintained in the nominal (general) ledger and not the sales
and purchases ledgers respectively. The account of the credit supplier would appear in the
purchases ledger and that of the credit customer would appear in then sales ledger. Candidates
are reminded that “general ledger” is an alternative term for “nominal ledger”.

(b)

The majority of candidates successfully named the cash book, the petty cash book or the journal as
another book of prime entry.

(c)

An understanding of the books of prime entry would have ensured that candidates knew that the
sales journal is a list of all credit sales, which reduces the number of entries in the sales account
and enables work to be shared between several people. Common incorrect responses included
that it listed all sales and that it showed the accounts of credit customers.

(d)

Using information provided, candidates were required to prepare three ledger accounts.
Candidates are advised to show the correct date, detail and amount for each entry. Candidates
are also reminded that the sales account and the sales returns account only contain the total for
the month (transferred from the appropriate book of prime entry); they do not contain individual
transactions.

(e)

Calculating the amount the trader received from one of the debtors should have been a
straightforward calculation. A number of candidates provided the amount of cash discount as their
answer rather than the amount which was actually paid by Susan.

(f)

Careful reading of the data should have ensured that the answer related to checking the work of
the book-keeper who maintained the accounts of credit customers. Popular incorrect responses
included suspense account and trial balance. Responses such as “control account” or “sales
control” were not regarded as acceptable. The correct response was “sales ledger control account”.

Question 3
(a)

Information had to be recorded in a bad debts account, a bad debts recovered account and a
provision for doubtful debts account. Candidates are reminded of the importance of using the
correct date, details and amounts when making entries in ledger accounts.
The bad debt should have been debited to the bad debts account and the amount recovered from a
bad debt should have been credited to the bad debts recovered account. These accounts should
then be closed by a transfer to income statement. There was an opening credit balance on the
provision account. The new provision ($3755) should be debited and carried down as a credit
balance and the difference on the account should have been transferred to the income statement.

(b)

Candidates were required to explain how accounting for bad debts and providing for doubtful debts
is an application of the principles of accruals (matching) and prudence.

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Principal Examiner Report for Teachers
The accruals principle ensures that the costs of a period are matched against the revenue of the
same period. Credit sales which will not be paid or are unlikely to be paid are regarded as an
expense of the period in which the sales were made.
Writing off bad debts and maintaining a provision for doubtful debts ensure that both the profit for
the year and the trade receivables are not overstated.
(c)

Candidates familiar with the accounts of a manufacturing business would understand that prime
cost refers to the sum of direct materials, direct labour and direct expenses. A significant number
of candidates listed only two of the three elements and many included both “direct labour” and
direct wages”.

(d)

Candidates were asked to state the item which would appear in the trading account section of the
income statement in place of “purchases” in a manufacturing business. The correct answer was
“cost of production”. Common incorrect responses included “purchase of raw materials”,
“purchases of finished goods” and “finished goods”.

(e)

One difference between ordinary shares and preference shares and one difference between
ordinary shares and debentures was required.
Candidates are reminded that in this type of question a comparative statement is required. For
example, stating that ordinary shares carry voting rights and preference shares receive a fixed rate
of dividend would not attract any marks.

(f)

The interest charged on a bank loan had to be calculated. It was necessary to calculate 6% on
$50 000 for 8 months.

(g)

The majority of candidates successfully named two interested parties. A small number incorrectly
referred to “the owner” or “the partners”.

Question 4
(a)

Candidates were required to state the meaning of the term “subscriptions”. Candidates should
have recognised that these are amounts paid by members for the right to use the facilities of a
club. Some responses implied joining fees rather than annual/monthly payments. A significant
number referred to “customers” rather than “members”.

(b)

Candidates were required to explain why a subscriptions account can have two balances. Mention
was often made of accruals and prepayments, but these were often incorrectly related to
“customers” or “people” rather than accrued and prepaid subscriptions/amounts owing or paid in
advance by members.

(c)

There were many wholly correct answers to this part of the question. A number of candidates
appear to have misinterpreted the question and provided answers “club” or “society”.

(d)

Most candidates earned mark on this question. Some candidates earned more marks naming the
account than stating whether the item was debit or credit.

(e)

Candidates who had a thorough knowledge of income statements were able to earn marks. The
cost of sales was the difference between the revenue and the gross profit. The purchases could be
calculated from the information at the start of the question ($2480 - $200 +$220) and the closing
inventory could then be inserted as a missing figure.

(f)

Candidates were asked to explain why there are no drawings in a club or society. Many
candidates recognised that there were no owners/no capital but did not go on to explain that there
was no investment on which a return could be expected. A significant number incorrectly referred
to the club being a non-profit organisation so no profit could be distributed, or that there were no
goods to withdraw.

(g)

An explanation of comparability was required. Many discussed comparing financial statements
with other businesses, but did not explain the principle of comparability. Financial statements are
only useful if the information they contain can be compared with previous years or other
businesses.

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0452 Accounting June 2014 www.dynamicpapers.com
Principal Examiner Report for Teachers
Question 5
(a)

Candidates were expected to understand that the reason why some items in the cash book do not
appear on a bank statement is a result of timing differences.

(b)

A cash book had to be updated with items which appeared only on the bank statement. It was not
necessary to copy out all the cash book shown in the question – it was only necessary to enter
those items which appeared on the bank statement but not in the cash book. Three items
appeared on the bank statement but not in the cash book so these had to be entered. The cash
book then had to be balanced and the balance carried down. Once again attention to details was
important.

(c)

A bank reconciliation statement had to be prepared to explain the difference between the balance
on the bank statement and the updated cash book balance. A bank reconciliation should be shown
in statement format as it is not an account. It is possible to start with either the balance shown on
the statement or the updated balance in the cash book.
Candidates had to recognise that both the cash book and the bank statement had overdrawn
balance. Starting with an overdrawn balance on the bank statement, cheques not yet presented
had to be added as the cash book would show a higher overdraft. The cash book would show a
lower overdraft because of amounts not yet credited so these had to be added to the overdraft
shown on the bank statement.

(d)

It was expected that candidates would have an understanding of the imprest system of petty cash
and know that the amount given to the petty cashier would equal the amount spent which was
represented by then petty cash vouchers ($66).

Question 6
(a)

Candidates were required to prepare the appropriation account of a partnership. Many candidates
earned high marks. A few incorrectly included the balances of the capital and current accounts and
the drawings. All the items should have been clearly labelled and should have included the name
of the partner. For example, it was not sufficient to put “interest on capital $2100” without showing
the split between the partners. Similarly, “Salary $12 000” was not adequate without the name of
the partner.

(b)

A current account for one of the partners had to be prepared, using the given figures for opening
balance and drawings and the appropriate figures from (a). The amounts to which the partner had
become entitled should have been credited and the drawings and interest on drawings should have
been debited together with the opening debit balance. The account should have been balanced
and the balance brought down on 1 January 2014. Once again attention to details was important.

(c)

Capital employed represents the total funds being used in the business (non-current assets +
current assets – current liabilities). Many candidates successfully calculated $210 000 and then
incorrectly deduced the long term loan.
It was possible to calculate the capital employed using the closing balances on the partners’ capital
and current accounts and adding the long term loan. The closing balance on the current account of
Belle ($10 000) had first to be calculated before the capital employed could be calculated.

(d)

Using the capital employed calculated in (c) and the profit for the year of $72 900 candidates were
required to calculate the return on capital employed (ROCE). The question asked for the answer
correct to two decimal places.

(e)

A calculation of the correct profit for the year was required. The original profit ($72 900) had to be
reduced by $36 000 (the difference between $51 000 and $15 000).

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0452 Accounting June 2014 www.dynamicpapers.com
Principal Examiner Report for Teachers

ACCOUNTING
Paper 0452/12
Paper 12

Key Messages
All the questions on this examination paper were compulsory and covered various topics on the syllabus.
Candidates are reminded that a question can be set on any section of the syllabus, and a good knowledge of
all sections of the syllabus is necessary to achieve a good grade in the examination. Many candidates
submitted very good scripts, demonstrating their thorough knowledge of the subject and their ability to apply
this knowledge to the various questions.
Most candidates provided supporting calculations where appropriate. This ensured that they were able to
earn some of the available marks, even though the final answer was incorrect.
It is important that accounting statements and accounts are presented using acceptable formats. Candidates
are reminded that they should avoid inappropriate use of abbreviations. Abbreviations such as “bbd” for
“balance brought down” and “GP” for “gross profit” are not acceptable.
Candidates are reminded that they are expected to use International Accounting Terminology.
It is important to read through a question carefully before attempting an answer. Marks cannot be awarded if
a candidate provides a factually correct statement which is not the answer to the question being asked.
The spaces provided on the question paper for candidates’ answers should be adequate. Sometimes it may
be necessary for a candidate to cross out part or all of the answer and provide another answer elsewhere. It
is important that the candidate indicates that this has been done. A note “continued on page …” or “please
see page….” would ensure that this additional work is not overlooked when the paper is being marked.
General Comments
Question 1 consisted of ten multiple choice items covering topics across the whole syllabus.
In Question 2 candidates were given some short answer questions, requiring knowledge of assets, liabilities
and capital, basic double entry and banking terminology.
Question 3 also contained short questions on the division of the ledger, different types of organisations and
limited companies.
The main topics in Question 4 were the preparation of a trial balance and depreciation of non-current
assets.
Question 5 required candidates to complete sentences relating to a manufacturing business and then to
prepare a manufacturing account and an income statement.
In Question 6 candidates were required to understand the difference between capital and revenue
expenditure, prepare a statement of financial position and to calculate and comment on the liquidity of a
business

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0452 Accounting June 2014 www.dynamicpapers.com
Principal Examiner Report for Teachers
Comments on Specific Questions
Question 1
Items (b), (g) and (j) were especially well-answered.
In Item (a) it was anticipated that candidates would understand the role of an accountant.
There was a variety of responses to item (d). Candidates were told that the bank reconciliation statement
was prepared starting with the cash book balance. In this case the bank error overstating the charges must
be deducted and the cheque not presented must be added.
Item (f) proved a little difficult for some candidates. It was expected that candidates would be able to
calculate that the rent payable for the year was $1050 – the amount paid for the year minus the rent paid for
the previous year and minus the rent paid for the following year.
Question 2
(a)

It was clear that candidates were aware of the meaning of the terms assets, liabilities and capital,
but many could not express themselves coherently. Simply providing a list of examples was not
regarded as adequate. Assets include anything owned by a business but also anything owed to a
business. Acceptable explanations were usually provided for liabilities. In the explanation of
capital, reference should have been made to funds/resources/money invested by the owner.

(b)

The table to classify items as assets and liabilities was often completed perfectly.

(c)

Completing a table to state the double entry for various transactions should have been a
straightforward task. Those candidates with a thorough knowledge of double entry earned high
marks.
The credit entry for the purchase of plant and equipment should have been split equally between
the bank and ABC Finance. Interest on loan is debited to an interest paid account and not the
actual loan account. When part of the loan was repaid it would be debited to ABC Finance. The
depreciation for the year should be credited to the provision for depreciation account and debited to
the income statement. Many candidates incorrectly made entries in the depreciation account and
the asset account.

(d)

This required the calculation of the annual rate of interest on a loan, and was often correctly
answered. This should have been calculated by taking $210 as a percentage of the amount
borrowed ($3000).

(e)

Candidates were required to explain how a bank overdraft can arise. This required a basic
statement to the effect that more had been withdrawn from the bank account than the funds
available in the account. It was not necessary to explain how to reduce an overdraft or the effect of
interest charges on the business.

(f)

Many candidates correctly identified the cheque referred to in this question as an unpresented
cheque. There were some incorrect references to dishonoured and uncredited cheques.

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Question 3
(a)

Most candidates were able to name a ledger account which may appear in the nominal (general)
ledger and to name another type of ledger a business may maintain. Whilst a cash book may
contain two ledger accounts it is not itself a ledger account.
Candidates are reminded that it is important to read the question carefully before writing their
answer. This would have prevented some incorrect responses being provided.
Satisfactory responses were also provided to explain why dividing the ledger into sections makes it
easier to use. Reducing fraud and reducing errors were not regarded as acceptable responses.

(b)

Candidates were provided with four items which may appear in financial statements and were
required to name the statement and the type of organisation to which the item related.
The types of organisation were usually correctly identified. A definite type of organisation was
required and responses such as “partnership company” were not acceptable. Candidates were
expected to apply International Accounting Terminology and use terms such as “statement of
financial position” and “income statement”.

(c)

Two differences between debentures and ordinary shares were required. In this type of question
comparative statements are required. Marks were not awarded for two statements, which, while
factually correct were not comparative statements. For example "debentures are loans and shares
get dividends" is a true statement but would not earn marks. In addition, it is important to make
positive statements. For example a statement "ordinary shares receive dividend, but debentures
do not" did not attract marks as the last phrase does not say anything positive about debentures.

(d)

An explanation was required of why a limited company might decide not to distribute all of its profit
for the year in the form of a dividend. It is important to appreciate that profit is not necessarily in
the form of money, so responses involving payment of expenses, loan interest and dividends were
not acceptable. Answers should have mentioned reinvestment in the business or the fact that
there was not enough cash to pay dividend.

Question 4
(a)

The majority of candidates offered the correct response ‘Suspense’, to name the account opened
to enable a trial balance to balance.

(b)

Most candidates successfully prepared a corrected trial balance. Careful copying of the given
figures would have meant that some marks were not lost needlessly. There are several
mnemonics which candidates can use to help them remember the type of accounts which go in the
two columns of a trial balance. Making use of one of these would have ensured that fees and
provision for depreciation were correctly entered in the credit column.

(c)

Candidates were required to explain why the capital account balance in the trial balance was the
opening balance on the account. Candidates need to appreciate that the trial balance is prepared
before the financial statements and so the capital account will, necessarily, show the balance at the
beginning of the financial year. This is not necessarily what the owner invested at the start of the
business.

(d)

The type of business for which the trial balance had been prepared was a service business.
Candidates were expected to realise that the trial balance did not include revenue and purchases
but did include fees.

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(e)

This question required candidates to calculate the depreciation charge for the year based on the
reducing (diminishing) balance method. A common error was to calculate 20% of the cost price
rather than 20% of the net book value. Some candidates successfully calculated the net book
value ($5440) but then did not continue to calculate the depreciation on this figure.

(f)

Candidates were required to prepare the provision for depreciation account. The opening balance
was given in the trial balance. The depreciation for the year (calculated in (e)) should have been
credited and transferred to the income statement. The account should have been balanced and
the balance brought down. Candidates are reminded of the importance of correct descriptions in
ledger accounts.

Question 5
(a)

Many fully correct responses were given to this task of completing sentences concerning a
manufacturing business.

(b) (i)

The preparation of a manufacturing account provided an opportunity for the well-prepared
candidate to earn good marks and there were many excellent answers. Candidates are reminded
of the importance of attention to detail. Figures such as cost of materials used, prime cost and cost
of production should be accompanied by a description. The overheads should only include factory
overheads: direct factory wages is part of prime cost rather than an overhead. Office and selling
expenses are not included in a manufacturing account. The purpose of a manufacturing account is
to calculate the cost of production: revenue should not be included in this account.

(ii)

The preparation of an income statement for a manufacturing business should have also provided
the opportunity to earn marks. Many candidates did not include the cost of production calculated in
(b) (i). Items such as purchases of raw material, carriage inwards on raw materials, and factory
overheads should not be included in an income statement. Candidates are reminded of the
requirement to use terms such as “inventory”, “revenue” and “profit for the year”.

(c)

Candidates were required to select one indirect cost from the list of balances provided earlier in the
question. Many candidates correctly selected a suitable example. Direct costs such as materials
used and wages of factory workers were not acceptable.

(d)

Candidates were asked to suggest two items which may be included in the total of the
administration and selling costs. In this type of question it is important to ensure that a specific
example is provided. “Salaries”, “insurance” and “rent” were not regarded as acceptable as they
could equally apply to both the office and the factory. Adding the word “office” would have meant
that the marks were awarded

Question 6
(a)

An explanation of the difference between capital and revenue expenditure was required. There
were many excellent responses. Most understood that capital expenditure is money spent on noncurrent assets and that it does not include the maintenance and repair of these assets. Candidates
are reminded that where an explanation is required a list of examples is not an adequate response.

(b)

The completion of a table to classify five items as either capital or revenue expenditure was very
well done.

(c)

Candidates were required to select the current assets and current liabilities from a list of balances
and to calculate the current ratio. Goodwill should not be included as a current asset. It was
expected that candidates would recognise a credit balance at bank is a current liability.
Full marks could only be earned if the calculation was correct to two decimal places and was
expressed as a ratio.

(d)

A statement of financial position had to be prepared. Well-prepared candidates earned high marks.
It was expected that candidates would understand that inventory should always be valued at the
lower of cost and selling price and that rent accrued of $3000 should be included as a current
liability. The cost of the motor vehicle had to be reduced by $800. The cost of the fixtures and
fittings had to be increased by $1000.

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The trader’s estimate of goodwill should not have been included in the books of the business.
Candidates should understand that a statement of financial position must have two matching totals.
Higher marks could be earned by inserting a second total to represent the owner’s capital.
(e)

Using the statement of financial position prepared in (d), candidates were required to calculate the
current ratio. There were many correct responses. Candidates were expected to calculate the
ratio to two decimal places and to express it in ratio format.

(f)

The liquidity of the business had to be commented on. To earn marks on this question it was
necessary to consider the change in the ratios and to appreciate that the business was short of
liquid funds. General comments about the “ideal ratio” were not an adequate response to the
question being asked. The emphasis should have been on the relationship between the current
assets (and liquid assets) and the current liabilities and not on assets and liabilities in general.

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ACCOUNTING
Paper 0452/13
Paper 13

Old

(b)

The majority of candidates successfully named the cash book, the petty cash book or the journal as
another book of prime entry.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Question 3
(a)

(b)

Candidates were required to explain how accounting for bad debts and providing for doubtful debts
is an application of the principles of accruals (matching) and prudence.

(d)

(e)

(f)

The interest charged on a bank loan had to be calculated. It was necessary to calculate 6% on
$50 000 for 8 months.

(g)

The majority of candidates successfully named two interested parties. A small number incorrectly
referred to “the owner” or “the partners”.

Question 4
(a)

(b)

(c)

There were many wholly correct answers to this part of the question. A number of candidates
appear to have misinterpreted the question and provided answers “club” or “society”.

(d)

Most candidates earned mark on this question. Some candidates earned more marks naming the
account than stating whether the item was debit or credit.

(e)

(f)

(g)

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Question 5
(a)

Candidates were expected to understand that the reason why some items in the cash book do not
appear on a bank statement is a result of timing differences.

(b)

(c)

(d)

Question 6
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

A calculation of the correct profit for the year was required. The original profit ($72 900) had to be
reduced by $36 000 (the difference between $51 00 and $15 000).

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0452 Accounting June 2014 www.dynamicpapers.com
Principal Examiner Report for Teachers

ACCOUNTING
Paper 0452/21
Paper 21

Key Messages
All the questions on this structured examination paper were compulsory and covered various topics on the
syllabus. It was expected that candidates would be able to attempt all the questions.
It is important to remember that a question can be set on any section of the syllabus and a thorough
knowledge of all sections of the syllabus is necessary in order to achieve a pass grade.
Candidates are advised to work through questions on past examination papers and appropriate exercises in
textbooks.
Candidates should read through each question very carefully before attempting an answer.
Where a column is headed with a dollar sign, candidates should realise that an amount of money is required
rather than just a tick. It should be obvious that dividend on shares is unlikely to exceed the amount of
issued share capital.
The spaces provided in the question paper for candidates’ answers should be adequate. Sometimes it may
be necessary for a candidate to cross out part or all of the answer and provide another answer elsewhere on
the question paper. It is important that candidates indicate that this has been done. For example, a note
“please refer to page ” or “continued on page...” would ensure that this additional work is not overlooked.
Candidates are reminded that the use of inappropriate abbreviations should be avoided. Abbreviations such
as “bbd” for “balance brought down”, “PC” for “prime cost”, “GP” for “gross profit”, and ”OS” for “ordinary
share capital” are not acceptable.
Candidates are reminded that they are expected to use International Accounting Terminology.
The following comments should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the published mark
scheme
General Comments
In Question 1 candidates were presented with information relating to a manufacturing business and were
required to prepare a manufacturing account and the trading account section of an income statement.
The first sections of Question 2 concentrated on adjustments to expense accounts and the application of
accounting principles. The last sections were on the topic of capital and revenue receipts and expenditure.
Question 3 was on the topic of deprecation. After answering some short answer questions on the different
methods of depreciation, candidates were required to prepare accounts for an asset, provision for
depreciation and disposal.
The topic of Question 4 was limited liability companies. Candidates were required to calculate debenture
interest and share dividends and the retained profit for the year. An extract from a statement of financial
position was also required. Related theory questions were also included.
In Question 5 candidates were required to state why a suspense account was opened and to prepare
journal entries to correct various errors. A table had to be completed to show the effect on the profit of the
errors.

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The calculation and interpretation of ratios was the subject of Question 6. Candidates were required to
calculate two profitability ratios and two liquidity ratios and to answer related theory questions.
Comments on Specific Questions
Question 1
(a)

Using information provided, candidates were required to prepare a manufacturing account. A
thorough knowledge of the format of a manufacturing enabled candidates to earn high marks. The
purpose of a manufacturing account is to calculate the cost of production. This requires the
calculation of the prime cost to which the factory overheads must be added. The resulting figure,
after adjustment for work in progress, is the cost of production.
A common error was to include the direct wages and the direct expenses in the factory overheads.
It was expected that candidates would be able to correctly calculate the factory rates and insurance
and the depreciation of plant and machinery and loose tools for the year. The total factory
overheads should be added to the prime cost and then the resulting figure adjusted for work in
progress
Candidates are reminded of the importance of labelling the prime cost and the cost of production
and of using the correct terminology.

(b)

An income statement (trading account section) had to be prepared to calculate the gross profit. It
was expected that candidates would understand that this is basically the revenue less the cost of
sales. The cost of production (calculated in (a) is included in the calculation of the cost of sales,
but factory expenses should not be included in an income statement. An understanding of a
trading account ensured that items were presented in the correct order. For example, the closing
inventory should be the last item in the calculation of cost of sales and purchases returns should be
deducted from the purchases.

Question 2
(a)

A ledger account for stationery had to be prepared. The opening balance and the purchases
during the year should have been debited and the amount taken for personal use should have
been credited. The closing balance should have been credited and carried down as a debit
balance; the amount of stationery used during the year ($394) should have been transferred to the
income statement.
Candidates are reminded that it is important to include the correct date (including year), detail and
amount for each entry in a leger account. Apart from the balances, the detail should be the name
of the account in which the double entry will appear: “Cheque” and “personal use” are not the
names of accounts.

(b)

An explanation was required of how the business entity principle was applied in the stationery
account. This principle regards the business owner as being separate from the business.
Stationery for personal use was, therefore, transferred from the stationery account to the drawings
account.

(c)

A ledger account had to be prepared for rent and rates. There was an opening balance on each
side of the account. The actual amounts paid should have been debited: no adjustment should
have been made to these amounts. The rates prepaid ($570) should have been credited and
carried down as a debit balance. The expense for the year ($5400) should have been transferred
to the income statement.
Once again, attention to dates, details and amounts resulted in candidates earning the available
marks.

(d)

An explanation was required of how the accruals (matching) principle was applied in the rent and
rates account. This principle requires that the costs for the year are matched against the revenue
of the same period. Only the rent and rates relating to the current year were transferred to the
income statement.

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(e)

Candidates were asked to define the terms capital receipts, capital expenditure, revenue receipts
and revenue expenditure. When definitions are required, it is not sufficient to provide a list of
examples.
Many candidates were able to provide acceptable definitions of capital expenditure and revenue
expenditure. Capital receipts are amounts received which do not form part of the day-to-day
trading activities, and include more than receipts from the sale of non-current assets. Revenue
receipts are amounts received from the day-to-day trading activities and other items of income.

(f)

A table had to be completed to show the effect on non-current assets and profit for the year of
incorrectly classifying revenue expenditure. There were many correct responses.

Question 3
(a)

Candidates were required to describe the straight line method of depreciation and to state the
circumstances when this method may be used. When a description is required simply presenting a
formula is not regarded as adequate. A thorough understanding of deprecation methods would
have allowed candidates to explain that this is a method whereby the same amount of depreciation
is charged each year. This method is used where each year is expected to benefit equally from,
the use of the asset.

(b)

A description of the reducing (diminishing) balance method of depreciation was required together
with a statement of the circumstances when this method may be used. Once again, a formula
alone was not acceptable. Candidates were expected to explain that this uses the same
percentage rate of depreciation each year, but it is calculated on the book value of the asset. It is
used where the greater benefits from the use of the asset will be gained in the early years of its life.

(c)

The most appropriate method of depreciation for three non-current assets had to be selected.
Candidates reading the question carefully realised that that the methods referred to were the
straight line and the reducing (diminishing) balance methods.

(d)

Candidates were required to describe revaluation method of depreciation and to state the
circumstances when this method may be used. Once again, a description rather than a formula
was required. Basically, using this method, the asset is revalued at the end of each year and the
difference between the opening and closing value is the depreciation for the year. This is used
where it is impractical or difficult to maintain detailed records of the asset.

(e)

Using information provided three ledger accounts had to be prepared – an equipment account, a
provision for depreciation account and a disposal account. A thorough understanding of the double
entry was required. It was expected that candidates would understand that an asset account can
only have a debit balance and the provision for depreciation is always a credit balance. The use of
correct details within the accounts ensured that candidates would earn the available marks: words
such as “cost”, “selling price” and “purchased” were not acceptable.
The accumulated depreciation on the asset sold should have been $800 (representing two years’
deprecation). The depreciation for the year on the new equipment should have been $340
(representing deprecation for the six months’ of ownership).

Question 4
(a)

It was expected that this would be a reasonably straightforward question. Many candidates
correctly calculated the debenture interest and the preference share dividend. Those candidates
who read the question carefully correctly calculated the ordinary share divided based on 140 000
shares of $0.50 each.

(b)

Candidates were required to state why the company made a transfer to general reserve. This is
done to indicate that part of the profit is for long-term used within the company and is not available
for distribution. It must be appreciated that the general reserve does not represent money.

(c)

The profit retained in the year had to be calculated. As only a calculation was required, format and
wording were not important. Many candidates correctly deducted the debenture interest and share

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dividend (calculated in (a)) from the profit for the year. The retained profit from previous years
should not have been included in the calculation.
(d)

An extract from a statement of financial position, showing the capital and reserves, was required.
Candidates should have listed the ordinary shares, the preference shares, the general reserve and
the retained profit. It is important to use correct wording. For example “ordinary” is not adequate.
The retained profit should have been the retained profit brought forward from the previous year
plus the profit retained in the year calculated in (c)).

(e)

The section of the statement of financial position in which debentures would appear had to be
named. The correct response was “non-current liabilities”.

(f)

Candidates were required to state the amount of debenture interest and the section of the
statement of financial position in which it would appear. An amount of $750 would appear in the
current liabilities.

Question 5
(a)

Two reasons for opening a suspense account were required. A suspense account is opened to
balance a trial balance to enable draft financial statements to be prepared. It does not check for
errors or prevent fraud.

(b)

Candidates were required to prepare journal entries to correct four errors. Each entry should have
been immediately followed by a narrative stating why the entry was being made (for example
“correction of error ”).
Workings in the form of “T” accounts may have assisted candidates to determine the entries which
were required. The first error should have been corrected by debiting suspense and crediting rent
with $270. The second error involved crediting wages and debiting drawings. To correct the third
error, discount allowed should have been debited and suspense credited. The final error required
a debit to Mona of $200, a debit to suspense of $1800 and credit to Amina of $2000.

(c)

A table had to be completed to show the effect on the profit of four errors. Two of the columns
were headed with a dollar sign, so it should have been obvious that an amount of money was
required, rather than a tick.

Question 6
(a)

Many candidates successfully calculated the percentage of gross profit to revenue and the profit for
the year to revenue. When calculating the current ratio and the quick ratio the current liabilities
should have included the short term loan.

(b)

Two reasons for the change in the percentage of gross profit to revenue were required. Common
correct responses included selling goods at higher prices and purchasing goods at lower prices.
Candidates were expected to appreciate that selling a higher quantity or purchasing a lower
quantity will not affect the gross profit margin.

(c)

Candidates were required to state, giving a reason, the year in which the trader had better control
of the expenses. Using their answer to (a), most correctly identified 2013 as the year. It was
necessary to explain that the percentage of profit for the year was lower in 2014 so the percentage
of expenses was higher. Comments on numerical values of profit and expenses were
unacceptable as no monetary values were known for 2013.

(d)

A table had to be completed to indicate the effect of three transactions on the current ratio.
Candidates with an understanding of the effect of transactions on the current assets and current
liabilities were able to use this knowledge to determine the effect on the current ratio.

(e)

Candidates were required to state, giving a reason, whether the trader would be satisfied with the
change in the liquidity position. References to “benchmarks” were not required.

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0452 Accounting June 2014 www.dynamicpapers.com
Principal Examiner Report for Teachers

ACCOUNTING
Paper 0452/22
Paper 22

Accounting (0452) · May/June 2014 · Examiner report

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